Relationships
between Phytophthora ramorum canker (Sudden Oak
Death) and failure potential in coast live oak
Tedmund J. Swiecki and Elizabeth Bernhardt,
Phytosphere Research, 1027 Davis Street, Vacaville CA 95687; (707) 452-8735;
phytosphere@phytosphere.com
Christiana Drake, Department of Statistics, University of California,
Davis, CA 95616
Laurence R. Costello, University of California Cooperative Extension,
625 Miramontes St., Suite 200, Half Moon Bay, CA 94019
We conducted a retrospective study on coast live oak (Quercus
agrifolia) bole, large branch, and root failures in woodlands affected
by Phytophthora ramorum canker (sudden oak death) to quantify
levels of failure in these woodlands and determine how various tree and
stand factors are related to failure potential. In fall 2002, we catalogued
coast live oak failures in six natural stands in Marin County, California,
that had high levels of P. ramorum canker. We noted characteristics of
each failure; estimated the date range in which the failure occurred;
evaluated the condition of the tree with respect to P. ramorum infection,
colonization by Hypoxylon thouarsianum and other decay fungi, beetle boring,
and tree defects; and noted stand characteristics in the immediate vicinity
of the failure. Nonfailed trees in the stand were used as a control population
to identify factors that might contribute to tree failure..
Rates of bole and large branch (>20 cm diameter) failures
were significantly higher between about July 2001 and December 2002 than
in the period from 1992 through July 2001. Bole failures were the most
common type of failure. Based on the estimated date of failure, for the
years 1992 through 1996, boles failures occurred in 0.5% of the trees
each year. The incidence of bole failures increased to 5% per year between
mid-2001 and the end of 2002. Among recent failures (2001-2002), 39% of
the bole failures and 30% of the scaffold failures occurred in live stems.
The majority of observed root and root crown failures also occurred in
live trees.
Among trees with recent failures (2001-2002), 83% showed
symptoms of P. ramorum infection. Branch, scaffold, and bole
failures were strongly associated with advanced symptoms of P. ramorum
canker, which include evidence of wood degradation by H. thouarsianum
and/or various wood boring beetles. Early P. ramorum canker symptoms,
consisting of only bleeding cankers without secondary invasion, were not
associated with an increased likelihood of failure.
Wood decay was the most consistent and important factor
influencing failure potential. Decay was present and rated as a contributing
factor in almost all failures. Fruiting bodies of H. thouarsianum
and other wood decay fungi, decay columns, and canker rot symptoms
were significantly more common among failures than among nonfailed controls.
Several variables indicative of wood decay were highly significant predictors
of failure in both recursive partition and multivariate logistic regression
models. Beetle boring was also significantly more common among failures
than among nonfailed trees. Other factors associated with increased failure
potential include overtopping of the tree by other trees, local alteration
of the stand canopy due to dead or failed trees, multiple trunks, multiple
branches arising from the same point, and asymmetric canopy shape. Failures
in both live and dead trees were largely influenced by the same factors.
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